# Summary

• An antenna is a device designed to radiate and receive electromagnetic waves.
• The field patterns, associated with an antenna, change with distance and are associated with two types of energy: radiating energy and reactive energy. The space surrounding an antenna can be divided into three regions:
1. Reactive near-field region
3. Far-field region
• An antenna radiation pattern is a three-dimensional plot of its radiation usually in the region far from the source and normalised to the maximum value. The radiation patterns are mainly of three types:
1. Field pattern
2. Power pattern
• Radiation intensity of an antenna is defined as the power radiated from an antenna in a given direction per unit solid angle. It is expressed in watts per steradian (W/sr).

where U (Î¸Ï•) = r2Pavg is known as the radiation intensity.
• The average radiation intensity (Uavg) can be written as,

• The directive gain (gd) of an antenna is the ratio of radiation intensity in a given direction to the average radiation intensity.

• The directivity of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions.

• The maximum directivity is the maximum directive gain.

• The power gain of an antenna in a given direction is the amount of energy radiated in that direction compared to the energy an isotropic antenna would radiate in the same direction when driven with the same input power.
• Antenna efficiency or the radiation efficiency of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the power gain in a specified direction to the directive gain in that direction.

• The input impedance of an antenna is defined as the impedance presented by an antenna at its terminals.
• Effective area (Ae) is defined as the ratio of the time-averaged power received at the antenna terminals to the time-averaged power density of the incident electromagnetic wave.

In terms of the directivity, the effective area can be written as,

• The effective antenna length (often also referred to as effective antenna height) is the ratio of the maximum open-circuit voltage V0 at the antenna terminals to the electric field strength E of the incident wave.

• The bandwidth of an antenna is defined as the range of usable frequencies within which the performance of the antenna, with respect to some characteristic, conforms to a specified standard.
• Antenna beamwidth is defined as the angular separation (in degrees) between two half-power points on the power density radiation pattern.
• Radiation resistance of an antenna is defined as the fictitious resistance which dissipates the same amount of time-averaged power as that radiated by the antenna.
• Antenna array is a common method of combining the radiations from a group or array of antennas.
• The overall pattern of an array is equal to the product of the array-element pattern times a function known as the array factor (AF).

Array pattern = Array element pattern Ã— Array factor (AF)
• For a general N-element antenna array, the array factor is given as,

where Ïˆ = (Î± + Î²dcosÎ¸) is the antenna-phase shift function, Î± is the inter-element phase shift and d is the spacing between the elements.
• Friis transmission formula relates the power received by a receiving antenna to the power transmitted by a transmitting antenna provided the two antennas are separated by a distance , where d is the largest dimension of either antenna.